Social Inequalities in Health Care Essay - 2624 Words

Social inequalities in contemporary society Learning Outcomes: 1) Explore the nature of contemporary society 2) Analyse how social inequalities influence the life chances and health of individuals To completely understand our changing society, we must look at the history of change we have gone through. To do this we must identify the changing factors of our society. This includes the age of our population; the roles gender has taken on, how race and ethnicity has affected our society, why and how social class works and the geographical location of people in Britain. In this report all these†¦show more content†¦Being born into a certain social class may affect your health drastically, a child born in the lower end of the social systems is twice as likely to die in the first few months of their life than a child born in the professional class (6). (See appendix1.1) The well being of a child is also at risk when born lower down in the social scale, their vaccinations and dentist visits are limited. (See appendix1.2) K.Moser found that unemployment was a key factor in health issues in society, mortality rates were higher for those who were unemployed and the prospect of unemployment is detrimental to the health of an individual. M.H.Brenner (1977) suggested loss of a job is like bereavement but isn’t seen or respect as such (7). Inequalities in health still exist and are mainly blamed on the stratification system in the UK. The Black Report suggested there were 4 main reasons for this:  · The Artefact Explanation: the inequalities debate sees ill health as a biological entity, which differs between social classes.  · The Behavioural or Cultural Explanation: places emphasis on the individuals and the consequences of their behaviour, when they choose to eat, drink and live healthily the inequalities will be reduced.  · Health Selection Explanation: similar view to Darwinism, people with ill health will fall down the social scale.  · Structural or Materialist Explanation: sees factors outside the individuals control, position in society isShow MoreRelatedWorld Social Policies And Health Care Policy And Inequality Policy1460 Words   |  6 PagesWorld Social Policies The advantages and disadvantages of resources and services within United States compared to other govern countries and their social demands for their citizens are immeasurably different. 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Nixon s Presidency A Period Wrought With Scandal

Nixon’s presidency—a period wrought with scandal. The most well-known of these, Watergate, a complex web of deceit, has become a political term synonymous with corruption and crime. Afraid of possible defeat in the 1972 election, Nixon and his republican associates sanctioned underhanded, illegal, acts, namely a break-in at the Democratic Party national headquarters at the Watergate complex. The break-in failed and the story was revealed to the public, despite the Nixon administration’s attempts to cover up the scandal. As a result of their insistence on covering up the infamous event, the leadership of the United States was sent spiraling into a mess of treachery and dishonesty, threatening both the nation’s stability and future. Beginning the night of June 16, 1972, and continuing on into the wee hours of the morning on June 17, Nixon and his seven associate-burglars—G. Gordan Liddy, E. Howard Hunt, James McCord, Bernard Barker, Virgilio Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez, and Frank Sturgis—attempted to break in to the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C., headquarters of the Democratic National Committee, with the intent to use phone bugs and photos to provide Nixon, a Republican, with information that would hopefully secure him the victory in the 1972 presidential election (Anderson 8-10). To begin, the burglars placed tape on stairway doors, preventing them from locking, allowing them to make an easy exit, the first of many mistakes (Cruden 16). Armed with walkie-talkies andShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesopening decades o f the twentieth century and a major break from the prevailing dynamics of the cold war. In addition to the problems posed for conceptualizing the twentieth century as a discrete era of world history due to overlap with the preceding period and disconcertingly radical shifts in the course of global development in the 1900s, contradictory forces and trends, which perhaps more than any other attribute distinguish this turbulent phase of the human experience, render it impervious to

Morality of a Fetus Free Essays

Is It All About the Morality of the Fetus? Today in the United States as well as all around our world, one of the most contested and debated issues, that everyone has some sort of opinion on is the subject of abortion. There are many different thoughts, ideals, and opinions on whether or not abortion is right, wrong, or even morally sane to do. There are clinics and hospitals that perform the procedures and at many of these locations there are groups who will hold protests against the operation as well as those who support it. We will write a custom essay sample on Morality of a Fetus or any similar topic only for you Order Now But all of those issues are not what this essay is going to be about, this is going to inform you about whether or not all arguments about the subject abortion come down to the question of what is the moral status of the fetus. To first examine whether or not all arguments come down to the moral status of a fetus, we must first know what the definition of moral status is. The argument of the moral status of a fetus involves whether or not the fetus has the same standing or has the same legal status as a born and living human being. The moral status of any human can be legally developed and justified but does a fetus carry this same status with it? In this essay I want to show that not all arguments about abortion come down to the moral status of a fetus, although it can be one on the forefront, it is not the bottom line and where all arguments can come down to. One of the most prolific examples of arguments about abortion is the Roe vs. Wade lawsuit in the state of Texas. Prior to this court suit, it was illegal, in most states, for a woman to receive an abortion during the first trimester of a pregnancy. â€Å"The Roe v. Wade decision held that a woman, with her doctor, could choose abortion in earlier months of pregnancy without legal restrictions, and with legal restrictions in later months, based on the right to privacy† (Lewis, J). Ultimately it was decided that most laws against abortion violated a constitutional right to privacy, and it overturned all state laws outlawing or unduly restricting abortion. To this day it is one of the most controversial decisions in US Supreme Court history (answers. com). Was the moral status of the fetus brought into question during this example, I am sure it was but, it was not what the argument was about, the issue was the privacy of the mother. Another example that comes to mind is a story told within a discussion in our class, one of our classmates tells a story about a young lady who was raped in her teens. This teen wanted to have an bortion however; the perpetrator or rapist in this case was found guilty and forced by the court that he would have to pay support for the baby once it was born. This caused the courts to also decide on whether or not once the individual was released from prison, would he have visitation rights to the child. The courts answer was yes and the mother carrying the fetus was not legally allowed to abort the pregnancy because the father would not agree, he had a right to the fetus he had fathered. Although there may have been some arguments about the moral status of the fetus contained within the court’s decision, I would have to think that the father’s rights came more into play as opposed to the mother’s and in this case I certainly disagree to this decision. Whether a person chooses to abort a pregnancy, it should be up to that person alone. It is there burden to live with for the remaining years of their lives, not ours. If a woman is raped, should they have to live with carrying that fetus to term and have to decide whether to raise the child with love or to give that child to adoption? I believe that the first argument is what the abortion would do to the mothers well being, is it for medical reasons that the abortion is needed? There are many different arguments for or against abortion and I do not think the moral status should come into question or come down to the moral status if there are other subjects to view first. As one can imagine there are many different arguments for or opposed to abortion, not all come down to the moral status of the fetus. It is going to be a subject of scrutiny and arguments for many years to come. Issues with its legality as well as its morality will be raised for years, and it is my hope that the final decision will stay with the woman who is pregnant and she does what is best for her. Works Cited Lewis, J. J. â€Å"Roe v. Wade Supreme Court Decision. † Web. 18 Jan. 2013. Retrieved from http://womenshistory. about. com/od/abortionuslegal/p/roe_v_wade. htm http://www. answers. com/topic/moral-status#ixzz2IM8JfrRr How to cite Morality of a Fetus, Papers

Cross cultural management in organizations - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Cross cultural management in organizations. Answer: Introduction Cross-cultural management can be understood as the study of management in respect with the cross cultural context. It comprises of the study of the impact of social culture on the management practices and the organisational managers. It also includes the study if cultural orientation of the organisational members and the individual managers. At the individual level the experience of individuals, reactions of individuals, cognitive structures and the values are analysed in an effective manner. The various contributing disciplines comprises of cross cultural anthropology, sociology and psychology. The importance of cross cultural management is increasing continuously in the global business operations. A number of researchers have paid huge emphasis on the study of cross cultural management (Pudelko, Tenzer and Harzing, 2014). The report will present the significance of cross cultural management, the role of cross cultural management in the improvement of the business idea; potential be nefits of cross cultural management and the manner in which the potential challenges of cross cultural management are addresses. Improvement of the business idea through better consideration of crosses cultural management In the international businesses and global expansion of the businesses, there are a number of challenges and difficulties take place in respect with the cross cultural diversity. The importance of cross cultural management is increasing and the several business organisations are taking use of effective cross cultural management. The culture can be understood as a particular set of anticipations which demonstrates how a business will run or any set of knowledge which is possessed by a person and creates a perception of the various cultures (Kersiene and Savaneviciene, 2015). The cross cultural management can offer huge level of improvement in the business idea as when the companies globalize there is a need to have effective and robust cross cultural management. There are a number of models and frameworks which are available with the organisations for cross cultural analysis and have successful business operations (Shiraev and Levy, 2014). The most robust and highly used model or framework is the Hofstedes cultural dimension framework. There are five dimensions on the basis of which cultural diversity is analysed and cross cultural management takes place. The first dimension is power distance which reflects the distribution of authority and power. There takes pace cultural diversity when few nations have equal distribution of power and other has unequal distribution of power (Tjosvold, 2017). The second dimension is uncertainty avoidance where it reflects the ability of the individuals to manage the uncertainties or risks. In some countries there is an avoidance approach whereas in few nations there is a positive approach. thus, cultural diversity exists. The third dimension is individualism versus collectivism which shows the work nature of the individuals. If people work in team there is a collective approach otherwise if people focus on their personal achievements then it is individualism (Hofstede, 2011). The fourt h dimension is masculinity index versus feminism where there is analysed that whether the higher and authoritative powers are with females or males if the society. The last and the fifth dimension is long term orientation which explains the approach of the people towards the tasks. In few nations people have long term orientations and in some nation individual do not have long term orientations. Thus, there exists huge cultural diversity among the countries and with the help of this framework the dissimilarities are identified (Tung and Verbeke, 2010). The organisations try to build the gap as well as select that country which is more similar in respect with these dimensions (Thomas and Peterson, 2017). Thus, robust cross-cultural management takes place which help the businesses to internationalise and gain huge benefits of international business and cross-cultural diversity. Internal and external contextual factors affecting business structures and strategy Size of the organisation It is one of the key internal factors that affect the business strategy and business structure as when an organisation is small there is a direct business structure and few strategies. Life Cycle The life cycle of eth business is one of the key factors which show whether the company should use growth, maturity or declining based strategy. Business Environment It is the external factor which reflects which business strategy must be used by the business such as if the business environment is opportunistic then opportunity based strategy or if the business environment is uncertain then risk assessment strategy (Thomas and Peterson, 2017). Potential benefit of cross cultural management Cross cultural management offers a number of benefits to the business organisations which not only enhances the organisational efficiencies but also increases the sustainability and revenue of the businesses. The key benefit of cross cultural management is increases work group efficiencies as when culturally diverse group of individuals work together in a team there is exchange of innovative ideas and opinions which leads to work group efficiencies. The second key benefit of cross cultural management is enhanced organisational performance such as with the help of cross cultural management the companies can employee competent and skilled individuals which offers higher competitive benefits to the business organisations which leads to improved organisational performances (French, 2015). Other benefits of cross cultural management comprises of skill development of the workforce, increase motivation and moral support among the workforce, development of global business, successful global expansion and improved community association (Adekunle and Jude, 2014). When an organisation or business have sound cross cultural management and there are given equal importance to all the culturally diverse group of people then it result in enhanced motivation and boosted morale of the employees. In present scenario, the companies go global and perform international business but in the global business operations there are number of issues faced by the companies but with the help of the cross cultural management there is development of global business which inturns results in successful global expansion (Eringa, et al., 2015). When there are cultural disparities in the nations and in the organisational workforces, there are several issue took place and thus it becomes difficult to have strong community association but with the help of the sound cross cultural management there can be reduced cultural disparity issues and therefore there took place improved community association (Has lberger, et al., 2016). Addressing of the potential challenges of cross cultural management There are several potential challenges or issues that took place while the business indulges in cross cultural management and these issues are the barricades in the success of the businesses. But to have successful cross cultural management, there is a need to address these potential challenges. There are number of challenges such as understanding the communication style of various cultures (Ferraro and Briody, 2017). The individuals from diverse cultures communicate in a different manner which results in language and understanding issue due to high or low context culture. Therefore such issues create a number of challenges for successful business operation (French, 2015). To address this issue there is a need to understand the differences and the individuals must temper their communication style in an adequate manner so that there can be developed more effective cross-cultural teams and successful cross cultural management. Another major potential challenge of cross cultural managem ent is the difference in the cultural values (De Cieri, 2017). Every culture possess some different values and these cultural perspectives can be better understand with the Hofstedes cultural dimension theory where the cultural of a country is displayed through six cultural dimensions i.e. power distance, long term orientation, uncertainty avoidance, individualism versus collectivism and masculinity index (Eringa, et al., 2015). Therefore, due to difference in these cultural dimensions, it becomes difficult for the businesses to operate in the overseas regions. To address such challenge of cross cultural management, there is a need for the businesses to first analyse these cultural dimensions and develop strategies to bridge the gap which exists among the regions. By analysing and bridging the gap, there can be achieved successful global expansion of the business and efficient cross cultural management (Koch, et al., 2016). The next major potential challenge or issue in the cross cultural management is the ineffective and inadequate cross cultural training in managing the culturally diverse teams and cross cultural management (Moran, 2014). When the businesses enter into the global business and there are cultural disparities the companies are required to provide the organisational employees and the managers to offer with adequate cross cultural training so that there can reduced cultural issues. But the lack of proper training leads to business failure and unsuccessful global expansion (Deresky, 2017). To address this issue, there is a need that the managers must take adequate tools for managing and leading the cross cultural diverse teams. It is essential that there must be offer a complete cross cultural training to the employees so that there can be successful and sustainable business operations (Adekola and Sergi, 2016). Conclusion Cross cultural management does not only help the businesses in going global or successfully internationalise but also support in enhancing the motivation of the employees and have access and lead competent cross cultural teams. In present scenario, there is a wide need of sound cross cultural management to have successful globalised business operations. From this report it can be concluded that to have improvement in the business idea and to have long term sustainability, there is a much need to have cross cultural management in the business organisations. The report has also concluded that there is increased number of benefits attained by the businesses of cross cultural management as well as there are also some potential challenges associated. To address these challenges, the businesses must use appropriate strategies and have a better and robust cross cultural management in the business organisations. Recommendations Following are the recommendations to manage and address the potential challenges of cross cultural management so that the business organisations can achieved sustainability and success in the global business operations: There must be offer a complete cross cultural training to the employees so that there can be successful and sustainable business operations. There must be understanding of the cultural differences and the individuals must temper their communication style in an adequate manner for developing effective cross-cultural teams and successful cross cultural management. Take use of Hofstedes cultural dimension framework to analyse the cultural dimensions of various regions so that there can be effective strategic planning in respect with bridging the gap (Primecz, Romani and Sackmann, 2009). References Adekola, A., Sergi, B. S. (2016).Global business management: A cross-cultural perspective. Routledge. Adekunle, A. S., Jude, A. I. (2014). Cross-Cultural Management Practice: The Impact on Nigerian Organization.Cross-Cultural Management,6(9). De Cieri, H. (2017).International Human Resource Management: From Cross-cultural Management to Managing a Diverse Workforce. Routledge. Deresky, H. (2017).International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education India. Eringa, K., Caudron, L. N., Rieck, K., Xie, F., Gerhardt, T. (2015). How relevant are Hofstede's dimensions for inter-cultural studies? A replication of Hofstede's research among current international business students.Research in Hospitality Management,5(2), 187-198. Ferraro, G. P., Briody, E. K. (2017).The cultural dimension of global business. Taylor Francis. French, R. (2015).Cross-cultural management in work organizations. Kogan Page Publishers. Haslberger, A., Haslberger, A., Dickmann, M., Dickmann, M. (2016). The correspondence model of cross-cultural adjustment: exploring exchange relationships.Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research,4(3), 276-299. Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context.Online readings in psychology and culture,2(1), 8. Kersiene, K., Savaneviciene, A. (2015). The Formation and Management of Organizational Competence Based on CrossCultural Perspective.Engineering Economics,65(5). Koch, P. T., Koch, B. J., Menon, T., Shenkar, O. (2016). In cross-national teams, cultural differences can be an advantage.LSE Business Review. Moran, R. T., Abramson, N. R., Moran, S. V. (2014).Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Primecz, H., Romani, L., Sackmann, S. A. (2009). Cross-cultural management research: Contributions from various paradigms. Pudelko, M., Tenzer, H., Harzing, A. W. (2014). Cross-cultural management and language studies within international business research: past and present paradigms and suggestions for future research.Routledge companion to crosscultural management. London: Routledge. Shiraev, E., Levy, D. A. (2014).Cross-cultural psychology. Pearson Education Limited. Thomas, D. C., Peterson, M. F. (2017).Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. Tjosvold, D. (2017).Cross-cultural management: foundations and future. Routledge. Tung, R. L., Verbeke, A. (2010). Beyond Hofstede and GLOBE: Improving the quality of cross-cultural research.